关于人工智能与人类智能关系的说明 [译]

圣座教义部圣座文化与教育部

ANTIQUA ET NOVA

关于人工智能与人类智能关系的说明


I. 引言

1. 我们要以“古旧而又常新”(参见:玛 13:52)的智慧,反思当代科学技术,尤其是人工智能(AI)飞速发展所带来的挑战与机遇。基督信仰传统认为“智能”是人类被造“照上主的肖像”(创 1:27)时所获的基本恩赐。基于对人的整体观,以及“耕种并看守”大地(创 2:15)的圣经召唤,教会强调:人类必须以负责的理性与技术能力来善管受造界,使这一恩赐真正得到体现。

1. 教会鼓励科学、技术、艺术以及其他各类人类活动的进步,视之为“人类与天主协作,完善可见受造界”[1]的一部分。就如《德训篇》所言,天主“将医术赐给人类,为要在他奇妙的化工上受人称扬”(德 38:6)。人的才能与创造力来自天主,而若能恰当地使用,便能反映并彰显天主的智慧与美善,荣耀天主。因此,当我们询问“什么是人”时,也不能排除对人类科技与科学能力的考量。

2. 从此视角出发,本《说明》聚焦人工智能所带来的“人学”与伦理挑战——特别是这项技术的目标之一就在于模仿创造它的那个人类智能。例如,与很多其他人类发明不同,AI可在海量人类创造性成果的基础上进行训练,从而在写作或图像生成等方面快速产出新作品,其水平往往可与人类相媲美或超过人类。这引发了社会在真相与资讯领域潜在危机的担忧。此外,AI具备自主学习并做出一定决定、适应新情境、生成程序员预料之外结果的功能,由此必然引发关于伦理责任与人类安全的深层问题,并对社会整体产生广泛影响。这些前所未有的情况,促使很多人重新思考:人性真正意味着什么?人类在世界中又扮演怎样的角色?

3. 基于此,社会普遍认为,AI代表着人类与技术关系的一个崭新而关键的阶段,并契合方济各教宗所说的“时代转变”[2]。它在全球范围内并在诸多领域产生冲击:人际关系、教育、工作、艺术、医疗、法律、军事及国际关系等。随着AI的迅猛发展并朝着更强大功能迈进,我们迫切需要审视其在人学与伦理层面的影响——这不仅意味着要降低风险、防止伤害,也意味着要确保其应用能够促进真正的人类进步及公共福祉。

4. 为积极回应AI带来的种种问题,并响应方济各教宗所提出对“心灵智慧”[3]的呼吁,教会愿通过本《说明》提出自身在“人学”与伦理领域的省思,并以此与世界共享。教会也邀请所有肩负传递信仰使命的人,包括父母、教师、牧者和主教们,关注这一重要课题。本文件特别面向他们,同时也愿与所有相信科学技术应服务人性与共同利益的人共同探讨[4]。

5. 本文件首先区分AI中“智能”与人类智能的概念;随后探讨教会哲学与神学传统对人类智能的理解;最后提出若干指导原则,力求在AI的研发与应用中始终维护人的尊严,并增进人及社会的整体发展。


II. 什么是人工智能?

6. AI中的“智能”概念多源于不同学科,溯源甚早。1956年,美国计算机科学家约翰·麦卡锡(John McCarthy)在达特茅斯大学组织了一次关于“人工智能”之问题的夏季研讨会,当时他将AI定义为“使机器的行为方式能够被称为‘智能’,若有一个人做同样的事也会被称为智能”。[5]该研讨会揭开了一项研究计划的序幕:设计能完成传统上与人类智力相关或称之为“聪明”之行为的机器。

7. 自那时以来,AI研究突飞猛进,创造出能执行各类高度复杂任务的系统[6]。一般所谓的“弱人工智能”只针对特定领域或功能,如语言翻译、风暴轨迹预测、图像分类、回答问题或在用户请求下生成视觉内容等。尽管AI研究对“智能”有多种定义,但目前多数AI系统——尤其采行机器学习者——更多依靠统计推断,而非逻辑演绎。它们通过分析海量数据来发现模式,以“预测”[7]结果并提出新思路,在某种程度上模仿人类解决问题的一部分认知过程。这些成就源于计算技术(如神经网络、无监督机器学习、演化算法)与硬件创新(如专用处理器)的发展,让AI系统能应对多种人类输入并适应新情境,甚至能够提出程序员一开始没预设的“新”解决方案[8]。

8. 由于AI的迅速发展,很多过去由人类专门执行的工作现已部分或完全由AI承担。这些系统在许多领域可补充甚至超越人的能力,尤其在大数据分析、图像识别与医疗诊断等专业范围内。虽然每个“弱AI”都只针对特定任务,仍有不少研究者期望迈向“通用人工智能”(AGI),即能在所有认知领域通用并执行任何人类智能能力所及任务的单一系统。更有一些人设想,未来的AGI或许能达到“超人工智能”的层次,超越人类智慧,或借生物技术助人实现“超长寿”。但也有人对此忧虑,认为或许有朝一日此类潜能会凌驾于人,另一些人则对此持欢迎态度[9]。

9. 这些种种设想背后,往往有一个前提,即“智能”同样适用于人类与AI,仿佛可以完全通用。然而,这种思维或会忽视该概念之广度:在人类那里,“智能”是整个人格的内在属性;但在AI那里,“智能”只是一个功能性定义,并常假设人类心智的种种活动能分解为可被机器复制的数字化步骤[10]。

10. 此种功能性视角在“图灵测试”中表现明显:若机器的行为无法被人区分于人类行为,便可被视作“智能”[11]。但这里所指的“行为”,只局限在某些特定智力任务上,并不包含人之全部体验,如抽象思维、情感、创造力以及美学、道德、宗教等感受,也不考虑人类心智的多面向表达。AI“智能”衡量的重点,在于是否能生成与人类思维或决策类似的结果,而不考虑其内部是怎样形成这些输出的。

11. AI能执行功能任务,却不具备思考的能力[12]。要理解AI与人类思维如何关联,必须正视我们对“智能”概念下的定义方式[13]。而基于教会哲学与神学的丰富传统,我们可得到对“智能”更深刻且完整的诠释,这也是教会教导关于人性本质、尊严与使命的基石[14]。


III. 哲学与神学传统中的智能

理性

12. 自古以来,人们就通过对自身心智的反省,探寻何谓“人”。亚里斯多德指出:“所有人天生都渴望认识。”[15]人类的认识带有抽象能力,能把握事物本质与意义,这使其有别于动物界[16]。哲学家、神学家、心理学家对这项智力功能之本质与人类如何认识世界,并在其中找到自身独特地位,进行了深刻研究。在基督信仰传统中,人被视为身心灵并存的存在,与世界紧密相连又能超越它[17]。

13. 在经典传统中,“智能”常以“理性”(ratio)与“智性”(intellectus)等观念互补诠释。它们不是彼此割裂的功能,而是同一个智能的两种运作方式:正如圣多玛斯·阿奎那所言:“intellect 这个词来自对真理内在的把握,reason 这个词则指探求和推理的进程。”[18]这句话简要点出人类智能的两大互补层面:_intellectus_指对真理的直观领会,即“心灵之眼”对真理本身的洞察;ratio_是严格意义上的推理与分析过程。合二为一,形成“intelligere”_这一在人身上独具且最本质的运作[19]。

14. 将人称为“理性动物”并非将人局限于某种思维模式,而是肯定理性理解力在其所有行动中所起的深刻作用,无论应用好坏,这种能力本身是人之“本质的一部分”[20]。从这个意义上说,“理性”一词涵盖所有属于人的能力,包括“认识、理解、意愿、爱、选择、欲望,以及和其紧密相关的体能”[21]。正是在这样的整体观下,人类乃“按照天主的肖像”被造,其理性被提升、塑造并内化于意志与行为[22]。

具身性

15. 基督教思想认识到,人的理智应置于整体人论中:人基本上是有形躯体的灵性存在。人之灵与物质“并非两个结合在一起的本性,而是其结合形成一个统一的本性”[23]。也就是说,灵魂并非仅仅被囚于肉体的无形部分,也不是身体外的一个壳;相反,在整个活生生的人身上同时存在物质与灵性。这一认识映射于《圣经》:人乃在身体层面与天主及他人建立关系(由此展现出真正的灵性维度)[24]。而道成肉身的奥迹更彰显了这一人性具身之深刻意义:天主亲自取了我们的肉身,并将之提升为崇高的尊严[25]。

16. 尽管深深扎根于身体,人依然能超越物质世界,因为人有灵魂,“仿佛处于永恒与时间的交汇点”[26]。超越之处主要表现在理智可进入真理、自由意志可自我掌控——人就此“分享天主智慧之光”[27]。但这并不意味着灵魂能脱离身体单独行使认知[28]。因此,人之智能应在“身心合一”的人类学框架中被考量[29]。关于此点,我们还会在后文进一步展开。

关系性

17. 人类“其本性就注定走向人际共融”[30],具备彼此相知、彼此相爱的能力,并能进入共同体。因此,人类智能并非孤立运行,而是在与他人的互动中体现与发展,并于对话、合作与团结中达致完善——我们与他人一同学习,也透过他人来学习。

18. 人之关系性之根本基础,在于天主圣三那永恒的互相倾注与爱,也在于天主在创造和救赎中的自我启示[31]。人也“受召在认识与爱中,分享天主的生命”[32]。

19. 这个与天主共融的召唤,自然离不开彼此间的共融之召。爱天主也不能脱离爱人(参见:若一 4:20;玛 22:37-39)。基督徒因分沾天主之生命,也获邀效法基督(参见:格后 9:8-11;弗 5:1-2),遵守“你们该彼此相爱,如同我爱了你们一样”(若 13:34)的诫命[33]。这种爱与服务,回荡着天主互相倾注之生命,超越自我利益,让人更加回应自身的召唤(参见:若一 2:9)。如果“我能通晓一切奥秘,尽知一切知识……却没有爱,我就算不了什么”(格前 13:2),那么对真理的渴望便必须与对爱的投入紧密结合。

与真理的关联

20. 人类智能最深层的特质,是“为领受真理而受造”[34]。它在“智性—理性”双重意义上,使人能超越纯感官层面或实用层面:“对真理的渴望是人的本性之一;人的理性与生俱来便会问:为何事物是如此这般?”[35]。这让人能超越经验界限,“以真正的确定性抵达可认知的实在本身”[36]。尽管人对实在的认识永远只能部分领受,这份对真理的向往却“驱使理性不断探求;它仿佛被某种更深之境界所吸引”[37]。虽然真理本身超越人类智能的界限,却又有不可抗拒的吸引力[38],让人不断迈向“更高阶层”的真理[39]。

21. 这种天生的求真意愿,尤其体现在人类对“语义理解”与“创造性”[40]的独特能力中,它们使这种追寻以“适合人之社会本性与尊严”的方式展开[41]。同样,面向真理的坚定指向,也是爱的真诚与普遍性得以落实的必要条件[42]。

22. 对真理的追求,在开放于超越可见世界的领域时达到最深表达。对于信徒而言,一切真理都在天主内得到最终且原初的意义[43]。信赖天主是一种“牵涉整个人的根本抉择”[44]。人藉此实现了天主对人的召唤:“理智和意志彰显了他们的属灵本性,使人能以最自由的方式采取行动”[45]。

对世界的管家职

23. 基督信仰视创造为圣三天主出于自由而创造的一切;如圣波纳文图拉所言,天主创造世界,“并非为了增加祂的荣耀,而是为了彰显并传播祂的荣耀”[46]。天主按其智慧创造(参见:智 9:9;耶 10:12;依 45:18;咏 74:12-17;104篇)[47],使其井然有序,并指定人类在其中扮演独特角色:“耕作并看守这个世界”[48]。

24. 人作为天主智工的成果,以“耕”与“守”(参见:创 2:15)实践照天主肖像而受造的身分,以智能与技艺用合乎天主旨意的方式看顾并发展受造界[49]。这样,人类的智能也就反映了创造万物(参见:创 1–2;若 1)、持续维系万物并引领万物归于自身终向的那位神圣智慧[50]。人类受召以科研与技术荣耀天主(参见:德 38:6);也就是说,受造界要在人的智能与能力帮助下,走向天主为其所定的目标[51],同时受造界也助人“逐步上升,追溯到最高的本原——天主”[52]。

对人类智能的整体理解

25. 在此情境下,人类智能被更清晰地认识为人整体与现实交互的一项能力,而非仅仅是工具。真正的交互需要灵性、认知、身体、关系性等各层面全部参与。

26. 这种与现实的交融是多方面的,每个人都带着各自多面的特质[53],试图理解世界、与他人建立关系、解决问题、展现创造力,并在智力的不同层面上追求真正的福祉[54]。这一过程既包含逻辑和语言能力,也常关联到其他面对世界的方式。譬如:工匠的工作,需要“从死物材料中辨识出别人看不到的某种形态”[55],并通过技巧与洞察力把它体现;土著民族往往对大地与其节律拥有更敏锐的感知[56];同样,一位朋友能在恰当时刻说出鼓励的话,或善于协调人际关系的人,也在展现一种“从自省、对话与慷慨相遇中积累起来的”智能[57]。正如方济各教宗所言,“在人工智能时代,我们不能忘记,诗意与爱依然是我们人性得救的必要元素”[58]。

27. 在基督教对智能的理解中,真理不仅要停留在观念层面,而且要融入人之道德与灵性生命,指导其按照天主的善与真采取行动。依天主计划,真正的智能也包括对真、善、美的欣赏。二十世纪法国诗人保罗·克洛岱尔曾说:“若无喜乐,智慧便一无是处。”[59]类似地,但丁在《天堂篇》达到最高天时,也见证了这种智性之欢愉:“那智慧之光充满了爱;那对真善的爱洋溢着喜乐;那喜乐超过了一切甜蜜”[60]。

28. 因此,对人类智能的正确理解,不能仅仅把它归结为知识的累积或解决特定任务的能力;它更关乎人对生命终极问题的敞开,以及对“真”与“善”的渴慕[61]。作为人内在的“天主肖像”之表达,人类智能可以面向万有,默观存在之整体(超越可测量者),并把握所理解事物的深层意义。对于信仰者来说,其中还包括通过理性不断加深对启示真理的领悟(intellectus fidei)[62]。真正的智能由天主之爱所塑造:“爱是借着圣神倾注在我们心里”(罗 5:5),并包含人对“默观”向度的向往,即超越功利的层面,将心灵敞向真、善、美。

AI的局限性

29. 基于以上探讨,我们可以更好地辨识人类智能与当代AI系统间的差异。AI在模仿某些人类智能输出方面无疑是卓越的技术成就,它可以执行任务、达成目标,或根据量化资料和计算逻辑做出决策。例如,AI强大的数据分析与整合能力,可用在跨学科议题上,帮助专家合作解决那些“无法以单一视角或单一利益来处理”的复杂问题[63]。

30. 然而,尽管AI能处理和模拟某些与智能相关的表现,它始终被限定在逻辑—数学的框架内,固有局限。与此相对,人类智能则是在人的身心成长过程中,自然地形成与发展,且依赖鲜活的身体经验。虽然先进的AI系统可通过机器学习等方式进行“训练”,但这与人类通过身体、情感、社会关系、道德和灵性等综合因素,且在独特个人历史里成长的方式截然不同。AI没有身体,只能依赖计算推理与以往人类创建的数据进行学习,这与人类智能的发展背景非常不同。

31. 因此,AI虽能模拟人类推理并以惊人的速度高效完成特定任务,但其“计算”只覆盖了人类心智更广阔能力中的某一部分。譬如,目前的AI无法替代人类的道德辨别或建立真实的人际关系。而人类智识的形成也深受个人独特的道德与心智养成经历影响,结合身体、情感、社会、道德与灵性各层面。AI不足以达到这种整体认知。因此,若单纯依赖AI或将AI视为主要的解读世界方式,或许会导致“失去对整体、事物间关系以及更宽广视野的理解”[64]。

32. 此外,人类智能的首要目的不在于完成具体功能或任务,而是理解并积极介入全方位的现实,并在此过程中进行独到的洞见。而AI因缺乏身体、关系与对真理和善之敞开性,其能力虽被宣扬为“无限”,仍无法与人类对现实的领悟相提并论。一次疾病的体验、一场和解的拥抱,或仅仅一次夕阳之美,往往就能给人意想不到的启示;世间无数这样的经验,都不是仅靠数据就能度量的。

33. 若刻意将人类智能与AI等同,就容易陷入“功能主义”窠臼:即人是否“有用”取决于能做哪些事。但人的尊严并不取决于某种能力或技术成就,也不取决于个人成功,而来自人是“天主肖像”这一基本事实[65]。即便人在某些情况下无法行使能力,如胎儿、昏迷病人或受苦的长者,其尊严依旧不容侵犯[66]。这也呼应了人权传统(含“神经权利”等)的基础,即“寻找共同立场的重要交汇点”[67],可作为引导AI道德使用的普适参考。

34. 综上所述,如方济各教宗所言,“将‘智能’用于形容AI,可能具有误导性”[68],会让人忽略人之最宝贵之处。因此,AI绝不应被视为人类智能的人工形式,而应被看作人类智能的产物[69]。


IV. 伦理在引导AI发展与使用中的角色

35. 前文所述,使我们意识到AI可如何被纳入天主的计划。但也要明白,科技活动从来都不具“道德中立”,它是人类的事业,与人文与文化层面紧密相连[70]。

36. 就此而言,科学探索和技术技能的发展本身,是天主赋予人类智能潜能的果实[71],这属于“人与天主合作,完善可见受造界”[72]的过程。同时,所有科技成就从根本上都是天主的礼物[73],因此人也应当秉持更高的目标准则,来善用这些恩赐[74]。

37. 我们理应感恩,科技“根除了无数过去曾伤害并限制人类的祸害”[75],对此我们应充满喜乐。但并非所有科技进步都自动等同于真正的“人类进步”[76]。对于直接威胁生命或亵渎人性尊严之用途,教会始终持明确的否定态度[77]。正如任何人类行为一样,技术发展也应服务于人本身,并着力达成“更多的正义、更广泛的兄弟情谊以及更人性化的社会关系”,远比单纯的技术突破更可贵[78]。对技术之伦理省思的呼声,不仅来自教会,也来自许多科学家、技术人员及专业组织,日益呼吁以负责任的方式进行道德评估。

38. 因此,基于人的尊严及其崇高使命所确立的道德责任之重要性,对AI问题同样适用。在此脉络中,伦理问题尤为紧要,因为设计系统与设定目标的主体始终是人[79]。在人与机器之间,只有人是真正的道德行为者——拥有自由与责任,并对自身决定及后果负责[80]。机器与真理、善之间并不存在道德关系,不具备人的良心功能,人却能在良心里“被召去爱善避恶”[81],并见证“真理的权威与最高善的吸引”[82]。只有人能自觉自愿地聆听良心的声音,辨明并以谨慎地选择当做之善[83]。这一切正是人类智能的运作体现。

39. 同任何人类创造物一样,AI可被善用,也可用于邪道[84]。若其使用能够尊重人之尊严,并有益个人与社会福祉,则能与人的崇高使命相契合。可是一旦人类自由走向邪恶,衡量AI之道德时,也需看其被导向何种用途。

40. 同时,不仅要关注其目的,使用方法及背后隐含的人文观也极为重要。技术产品反映了其开发者、拥有者、用户及监管方的价值观与世界观[85],它也可塑造人们对世界的理解,并影响社会共识[86]。在社会层面上,若技术的发展依附于错误的人性观或社会关系模式,也会巩固不正义的权力结构。

41. 因此,对任何AI之具体应用,均应考量其目的、手段及隐含的人学视角,确保合乎人性尊严、促进公共福祉[87]。方济各教宗指出:“每个人之固有尊严应当是衡量新兴技术时不可动摇的标准;只有在帮助尊重并提升这尊严的每一个层面时,这些技术才是道德上可行的”[88],其应用亦应包括社会及经济层面。故此,人类智能不仅要负责设计生产技术,更要负责依“真正善”来使用这些技术[89],这是在天主教社会训导与“辅助原则”框架下,全社会共同的责任。

对人类自由与决策的帮助

42. AI之发展及应用,必须始终维护“人之尊严”及人类整体使命,并以此作为评断准则。这适用于所有层级的各类AI使用场景。

43. 首先须明确:AI并非真正的道德行为者,人才是道德主体;然而AI系统一旦能够自主学习、演化和重新编程,就会带来“可问责性”方面的难题。例如,AI若给出了某种不良结果,究竟谁该负责?此外,某些深度神经网络或自下而上模式的AI,路径极为复杂,不易回溯,导致责任难以落实。为解决此问题,需要关注高度自动化和复杂环境下的问责方式,并可能在结果尚未立即显现的中长期内,都必须有人承担最终责任[90]。

44. 除了责任主体,人也必须设定AI的目标,毕竟这些目标终究出自人的设计与管理,即便AI采用无监督学习,偶尔产生令人意外的结果,其初始目标与机制仍是人决定的。但随着AI不断进化,人类对其控制力可能减弱:怎样保证AI系统仍服务于人的目的而非与人对立?这是关键问题。

45. 从设计、生产、运营与监管AI的主体,到实际使用AI的人,均应共同承担责任。如方济各教宗所言,机器“只是在多种可能方案里做技术性选择,或基于明确定义标准或统计推断;但唯有人能在心中作出真正的抉择”[91]。换言之,AI若辅助人类决策,最后承担决策责任的仍是人。故此,若要使用AI来协助决策,其算法应具备可靠性、安全性、足够的稳健性及透明度,尽量减轻潜在偏见或意外后果[92]。监管框架需确保各法律主体对AI之使用及后果承担相应责任,并保障透明、隐私与问责[93]。同时,AI用户切勿过度依赖,避免使社会对技术的依赖进一步加深。

46. 教会的道德与社会训导可为AI的负责任使用提供指引。正义的考量不仅关乎个人层面,也牵涉社会结构、公平与和平。谨慎(prudence)可帮助个人与社群在使用AI时取其利、避其害,不要让此技术侮辱人性或破坏环境。此外,责任不仅意味着追究结果,也包含“对他人的照护责任,这是比单纯结果责任更深层的要求”[94]。

47. 因此,AI与其他技术一样,要与人的终极“善”之召唤相结合,才能成为人类受造使命的积极部分。但这必须在人的智能引导下进行,确保对人之尊严的尊重。梵二大公会议曾宣告,因为人的“崇高尊严”,“社会秩序及其发展应以服务于人”[95]。就此,方济各教宗亦说:“AI必须配合一种以自由、责任和兄弟情谊为核心的道德观,着眼于为社会与整个受造界服务,从而实现人的圆满发展。”[96]


V. 若干具体议题

48. 在此总体背景下,以下提出一些针对AI具体应用时的思考示例,以呼应方济各教宗所倡议的“心灵智慧”[97]。这些思考并不穷尽所有可能情景,只是为帮助大家思考:如何让AI真正服务人的尊严和公共利益[98]。

AI与社会

49. 方济各教宗指出:“人之固有尊严和我们同属一个人类家庭的兄弟情谊,必须作为发展新技术并决定其应用时的基础与评判标准。”[99]

50. 从此视角看,AI可用于“农业、教育与文化的创新,为许多民族与国家带来更好生活水准,推进人类兄弟情谊与社会友爱”[100],继而“促进人的整体发展”[101];AI也可帮助社会机构辨识弱势者,防止歧视与边缘化,为社会公义贡献力量[102]。

51. 然而,AI在带来福祉的同时,也有可能阻碍或破坏真实的人类发展及共同利益。方济各教宗强调:“到目前为止的数据表明,数字技术加剧了世界的不平等。不仅是经济财富的不平等,更是政治与社会影响力的不平等。”[103]换言之,AI可能被用来进一步边缘化弱势群体,制造新的贫困,扩大“数字鸿沟”,从而恶化已存在的社会不公[104]。

52. 同时,控制主流AI应用的权力若集中在少数科技巨头手中,也会滋生重大伦理问题。AI系统的庞大数据往往无人可完整监督,缺乏明确问责机制,可能被少数利益集团所操控,以谋取自身或特定行业的经济、舆论或政治优势,形成“隐蔽却强势的控制手段,操纵个人意识和民主进程”[105]。

53. 此外,还存在借由AI推动所谓“技术统治范式”(technocratic paradigm)的风险——即认为所有社会问题都能以技术手段解决[106]。在此范式下,“人性尊严与兄弟情谊往往被效率指标所取代,就好像只要有技术与经济力量,就能自动带来真理与善”[107]。然而,人性尊严和公共利益绝不可为了效率而被践踏[108],“那些并未带来全人类生活质量提升、反而加剧不平等与冲突的技术成就,不能被视作真实的进步”[109]。AI应致力于“更健康、更人性、更社会、更全面”的发展[110]。

54. 要达成上述目标,我们必须深化“自治与责任”的关系。技术赋予人类更大的自主,也让人更需对社会负责。对于基督徒而言,这份责任来自承认我们所有能力(包括自主性)皆源自天主,并应服务他人[111]。因此,AI若只追求经济或技术指标,就偏离了应有的“整个人类家庭的共同利益”方针,而梵二所阐述的公共利益则是指“那些让个人或社群能更充分、更便捷地达成圆满的社会条件之总和”[112]。

AI与人际关系

55. 梵二指出:“人本质上是社会性存在;若与他人隔绝,他既不能生活,也难发挥天赋”[113]。这意味着社会生活对人而言并非可有可无,而是其本性与使命的展现[114]。我们在社会中彼此学习,也在彼此“交流、分享已发现或认为已发现的真理”,彼此扶持,继续探求真理[115]。

56. 而这探求,以及人类交往中的其他层面,都需要人与人真诚相遇与交流。我们无法忘记,人之智能既是个体的,也是群体的;既包含理性,也关乎情感、象征与互爱。方济各教宗指出:“唯有在对话、讨论或深入辩论中,我们才能携手探求真理。这需要我们坚持不懈,经历沉默与痛苦,也需要包容个体与民族的更广阔经验……只有心灵自由、敞开的个体,才能开始地方或普世层面的兄弟之路。”[116]

57. AI的出现对人际关系而言既有助益也具挑战。它能像其他工具一样帮助加强家庭与社群联系,但也可能阻碍人对真实的体验,或最终使人陷入“深刻又忧郁的孤独感”,甚至隔绝彼此[117]。真正的人际关系需要人们在苦痛、呼求与喜悦中彼此陪伴[118]。因为人类智能也在具体的人际互动、身体体验中生长,所以真人与真人之间自发而真实的相遇无可替代。

58. 既然“真正的智慧需要与现实相遇”[119],AI的兴起还带来另一层风险:当AI足以逼真模仿人类产物时,我们是否还能分辨自己面对的是人或机器?生成式AI产出的文字、图像等往往足以混淆视听。我们要厘清:AI只是一种工具,而非“人”[120]。然而,业内常用类人化词汇来指称AI,易造成概念混淆。

59. 这种“类人化”对孩子的成长更构成挑战,可能让他们形成把人际交往当作与聊天机器人交互的思维方式——即功利式对话。在学校里,学生也许更容易把老师视作单纯知识传递者,而忽略老师引领其智力与道德成长的核心意义。真正的师生关系,应有同理心与对学生独特尊严的顾虑,这种关怀是AI无法替代的。

60. 同理心意味着了解他人的主观世界,尊重对方的不可替代性并感悟其沉默背后的含义[121],这涉及身体情感、心灵与关系的交融。AI模拟“关怀”或“同理”,不过是计算后的对话回应,无法复制此种深度的、以整个人相遇为基础的人性体验[122]。它并不真正拥有情感或同理之“体验”[123]。

61. 基于以上原因,我们应禁止伪装AI为真人、利用AI欺骗等做法。若有人用此手段在教育或情感关系(包括性领域)中造假或误导,便是严重的道德违规,需要适当监管,以防止对他人造成伤害、并确保真实与尊严[124]。

62. 在一个日渐孤立化的时代,某些人可能会转而向AI寻求真挚的人际连结、陪伴甚至情感寄托。然而,人本身是为了与天主和他人建立真实关系而受造;AI并不能提供真实的人际交往,只能加以模拟。人需要面对真实群体来获得自我成全,若以AI替代人与天主、人与人之间的关系,无异于以死板虚像(参见:咏 106:20;罗 1:22-23)取代活泼的生命。我们不应逃避于人造世界,而应承担与现实的积极交往;特别是与穷人、病患同在,安慰忧伤者,并与万民建立共融。

AI、经济与劳动

63. AI正日渐融入经济与金融体系,能源、金融、媒体行业均进行大量投资,尤其在市场营销、销售、物流、技术创新、合规与风险管理等方面。但它也凸显了其中的“两面性”:一方面潜力巨大,另一方面风险不可小觑。首先,若AI核心应用仅由少数企业垄断,那么价值就只会被大公司所吸收,而非被使用AI的中小企业或大众所共享。

64. 更宏观地看,还应关注数字世界与实体经济间的关系。例如,地方经济金融制度常各具特色,这是维持经济多元、稳定发展的资产。然而数字平台往往去中心化且超越地域限制,追求标准化与高效率,却减少了共同体在“现实生活”中因历史与文化差异而产生的多样性。而地方群体基于相同价值观、共同参与和协商所解决的问题,可能在统一化的数字流程中难以实现。这种多样性的消失恐造成对经济社会的潜在威胁。

65. AI正对劳动力市场造成深刻影响,既有机遇,也存在隐忧。一方面,AI可使人工作更高效或更具创意,创造新的岗位,激发创新视野。

66. 但另一方面,AI可能让工人适应机器的节奏,而非机器支持人类;这与宣称AI会让人更“解放”背道而驰。事实上,AI易造成劳动者工作内容的“技能空心化”(deskilling)、监控的强化,以及可替代性提升。若必须无条件地跟随技术加速,人会丧失主观能动性,进而失去创新潜能[125]。

67. 还有些场合,AI直接取代人工,导致工作机会缩减。“这意味着少数人获取了大部分利益,却以牺牲许多人的贫困为代价”[126]。随着AI实力越强,“劳动”在经济环节的价值有被进一步消减的危险,这正是技术统治范式的结果:人被效率逻辑“奴役”。然而人的生命价值超越了经济产出。方济各教宗指出,“眼下的体系并不倾向于帮助那些反应迟缓、能力不足或不够机巧的人找到发展机会”[127]。故此,“我们绝不能允许AI成为进一步深化此种不公的工具,反而必须使之成为扭转不公的助力”[128]。

68. 记住:“物的秩序应服从人的秩序,而非相反。”[129]工作不只是牟利之手段,更关乎人的整体性发展与尊严,要“兼顾人的物质与智力、道德、灵性和宗教需求”[130]。教会称工作“不仅是谋生手段,还是社会生活本质的部分,亦是个人成长、关系缔造、自我表达和彼此分享的渠道。它意味着共同承担发展世界的责任,也关乎我们作为一个民族的共同生活”[131]。

69. 基于工作是“在尘世上实现生命意义、人类进步和个人完成之路”[132],所以“技术进步不应越来越多地替代人的劳动,否则对人性有害”——相反,应鼓励劳动。换言之,AI不应替代人的判断,也不可扭曲人的创造力或将劳动者沦为“机器齿轮”。为此,“尊重劳动者尊严及对个人、家庭和社会的经济保障,不应因AI的深入而削弱,反而应在国际层面受到高度重视”[133]。

AI与医疗

70. 医护工作者蒙召与天主一同“守护并服务生命”,因而肩负“固有且不可否定的伦理维度”。希波克拉底誓言也明确要求医者“绝对尊重人命及其神圣性”[134]。教会强调,医者当仿效“慈善撒玛黎雅人”,拒绝排斥,反倒要彼此做邻人,扶起受伤者,以公益为依归[135]。

71. AI可在医疗领域提供巨大助力,如诊断辅助、增进医患沟通、改善治疗方法,并为偏远或弱势群体带来更好的医疗保障,从而加强医护人员对患者的“怜悯与爱德的临在”[136]。

72. 但如果AI不用于辅助,而是直接取代医患关系,让病人只和机器“对话”,就会削弱医疗最核心的人际关怀。病人本就极易陷入孤独,若再将之与社会剥离,背离了“对脆弱生命的关怀和尊重”,这显然有悖于人的尊严与对受苦者的团结精神。

73. 医护工作者对于病患福祉和关乎病人生命的重要决定负有首要责任。这意味着他们必须以智慧与道德分辨来行事,并始终尊重病人不可侵犯的尊严及知情同意权。最终医疗决策必须由人承担,不可移交于AI[137]。

74. 另外,倘若AI主要基于经济或效率因素来决定谁能获得治疗、谁被忽略,这种“技术统治范式”也必须排除[138]。因为“优化资源意味着以道德与兄弟之心使用资源,而非牺牲最脆弱者”[139]。再者,AI系统也易引发“偏见与歧视”,其中“系统性错误将被放大,不仅损及个别案例,更会由‘多米诺效应’演变成结构性不平等”[140]。

75. 同时,若医疗越来越倚赖AI的“预防与生活方式”模式,富有人群会从先进医疗与生活指导中受益,弱势者连基本服务都难保障,导致“富人医疗”分化更明显。因此我们需建立公平框架,确保AI在医疗中的应用不会加剧健康鸿沟,而是真正促进公共福祉。

AI与教育

76. 梵二关于教育的教导至今仍具启发性:“真正的教育应从人的最终目的及其所处社会利益的角度来培养个人”[141]。教育“绝非仅仅传授事实或技能,而是整体培养,包括智力、文化与灵性等多维度,也包括社区生活与学术共同体的关系”[142],契合人性尊严。

77. 这意味着教育过程需“培养理智,学会在万事上进行恰当推理、探求真理并把握之”[143];同时,也要让学生“头脑、心灵与双手协调发展”[144]。尤其在数字化时代,“我们不仅要‘使用’通讯技术,更要看到高度数字化文化已深刻改变我们的沟通、学习、资讯获取及人际互动方式”[145]。若只停留在信息堆积或追求瞬时反应的层面,就难以塑造“深层次的受教育心灵”,而一个“受过真正教育的心灵”会“为所有工作与事业都带来力量与气质”[146]。过度使用AI也可能让学生依赖屏幕,却削弱其独立思考与实践能力[147]。

78. 很多AI系统旨在帮助人们锻炼批判性思维与解决问题能力,但更多系统则是直接提供答案,而非引导学生自主探求或写作[148]。与其让年轻人沉溺于收集信息与生成文本之便捷,我们更应强调“负责任地运用自由与理性来面对问题”[149]。因此,“有关AI使用的教育,首要目标应是培养批判思维;各年龄段学习者尤其是年轻人,需要学会辨别网路信息或AI产物的真伪。学校、大学及专业团体应帮助学生与从业者认识技术发展的社会与伦理面向”[150]。

79. 圣若望·保禄二世曾强调:“在这个科学技术迅速演变的时代,天主教大学所肩负的使命更加急迫与重要”[151]。作为“希望的实验室”,天主教大学尤须跨学科地、创造性地参与对AI的深入研究,引导其健康并朝向公益的方向发展,在信仰与理性的对话中突破新领域[152]。

80. 值得注意的是,AI常会生成偏差或虚构信息(“幻觉”),导致学生盲目相信错误内容。这样的情况“可能助长假消息并巩固主流文化优势,从而破坏教育本身”[153]。随着时间推移,人们或许能更清晰地区分AI在教育、研究中的正当与不当用途。但无论如何,原则之一是:AI的使用必须透明,不可欺瞒他人。

AI、虚假信息、深度伪造与滥用

81. 若AI能帮助人们理解复杂概念,或指引他们找到可靠信息渠道,将有助人的尊严[154]。

82. 然而,AI也会带来内容操纵与假信息蔓延的严重风险,因为AI产出的东西常常与真实极其相似,易让人以为是真。当AI系统无意中生成错误信息(如“AI幻觉”),便会混淆大众;而AI生成式内容本就是模拟人类作品,要杜绝这风险殊为不易。但后果却可能非常严重。因此,所有生产或使用AI的人都有责任保证公共领域中信息的真实性、准确性。

83. 更加危险的是,有些人或团体会故意利用AI散布虚假内容以误导或伤害他人,比如通过“深度伪造”(deepfake)生成假影像、假音频等。这些图像虽是伪造,却会在真实世界留下“深刻伤痕”,严重侵犯受害者的人性尊严[155]。

84. 更广泛而言,AI生成的假资讯会“扭曲我们与他人及真实世界的关系”[156],逐步动摇社会基石。如果深度伪造铺天盖地,公众对媒体影像与声音都会产生怀疑,从而加剧两极分化与社会动荡。当人对真相普遍无所谓时,不同团体会构建自己的“事实”,瓦解“彼此依存与互相维系”的社会组织基础[157]。这样的欺骗“绝非小事”,它直接撼动了人类共同体赖以生存的互信[158]。

85. 抵抗AI假新闻不只是技术专家的工作,更需要所有善心人士共同努力。“若要让技术服务而非损害人性,若要让它促进和平而非暴力,就必须在尊重人性尊严与公益的层面上采取先发介入”[159]。所有生成或传播AI内容者,应谨慎核实其真伪,并始终“避免传递贬低人性、宣扬仇恨或不容忍、扭曲性与善、利用弱者”的文字或图像[160]。这是对所有网路用户“谨慎与辨别”能力的持续呼唤[161]。

AI、隐私与监控

86. 人是社会性的,其在数字世界中留下的数据可视作一种“客观化的关系表达”。这些数据不仅仅是资讯,更可被当作个人与关系层面的信息。在高度数字化背景下,谁掌握这些数据就可能对个人施加影响,甚至某种程度的“控制”。此外,有些数据涉及个人内心深处,可能联系到其良心或宗教等隐私。隐私因而成为维护人之内在自由、交往自由及自我决定空间的关键,这也与宗教自由密切相关,因监控可被不当利用来干涉信徒。

87. 因此,维护个人隐私也是在捍卫人的自由与尊严。梵二把“保护隐私”列为“为过真正人性生活所必需的基本权利”之一,并说明这是基于“人之崇高尊严”[162]。教会也明确肯定每人有权保护私生活、声誉、身心完整并免受不当干扰[163],这是对人性不可侵犯尊严的要求[164]。

88. AI提升了数据收集与分析能力,甚至从少量资料中也能推断人的行为与思维模式。方济各教宗曾说:“在有些人或群体对外来者更加闭锁且不宽容时,世界中的距离却在急剧缩短或消失,以至于几乎没有隐私,任何人的生活都成为可被检视与监控的对象”[165]。

89. 当然,有些监控技术可能有正当用途,如维护公共安全。但若用于剥削、限制他人自由或谋取私利,就无可辩护。有权从事监控的人,必须在合法授权范围内行使职能,并以保障人之尊严与自由为最高原则,不能逾越。

90. 同时,“对人的根本尊重要求,不能把人仅仅等同于一组数据”[166]。当AI用于评估某人或群体的“社会评分”时,情况尤其堪忧:“做出社会、经济决策时,切勿只让算法依据偷偷收集的个人信息(这信息常带有社会偏见与刻板印象)来判断。人的过往表现不应剥夺其改变、成长或为社会作出贡献的机会。我们不可让算法成为否定人性尊严、否定同情、怜悯与宽恕,以及否定人能够改变的工具”[167]。

AI与共同家园的保护

91. 在应对“共同家园”危机中,AI可发挥正面作用,比如预测极端气候、提出工程解决方案、协调救援,以及预测人口迁移[168];也可改善可持续农业、优化能源利用,或在公共健康上做预警,增强社会在气候危机中的韧性。

92. 但目前的大型AI模型及配套硬件耗能与耗水量巨大,对碳排放及资源使用带来高负荷。人们常用“云端”(the cloud)一词,将之想象得抽象无形,然而一切数字技术背后都有庞大、真实的物理基础设施,包括硬件、电力、冷却系统等。系统越复杂,尤其大型语言模型(LLM),对算力、存储和数据量的需求就越庞大,环境代价更高。因此,我们必须努力使这些技术在发展中兼顾可持续性,减少对地球的危害。

93. 然而,正如方济各教宗所言,“仅仰赖技术而非内在的人性改变是远远不足的”[169]。对受造界的完整理解告诉我们:万物的价值不可简化为“功利”。故此,我们要抵制将世界“一榨到底”的错误人类中心主义[170],也要警惕“进步神话”——认为“生态难题自会靠新技术自动解决,无需道德反省或深层次转变”[171]。我们更应尊重天主所赋予受造界的秩序,促进人的整体善,与大地和谐共生[172]。

AI与战争

94. 梵二及历任教宗始终强调:和平不是单纯“没有战争”,更不是在敌对势力间维持力量平衡。就如圣奥斯定所言,和平乃是“秩序的安宁”[173]。真正的和平必须保护人的福祉、信息自由、对人和民族尊严的敬重,以及持续不断的兄弟情谊实践。和平的缔造离不开耐心的外交、对正义与团结的推动,以及对所有人尊严的捍卫[174]。所以,任何试图以暴力或压迫来换取和平的做法都是违背基督信仰精神的。

95. AI在军事领域可用于情报分析,预防冲突,但也可能被“武器化”而带来严重道德难题。方济各教宗曾说:“遥控武器的使用使人对战争造成的破坏与责任心态更加冷漠与疏离,对战争惨剧更加无感”[175]。此外,当自卫不再是最后手段,而因自动化武器的便捷而变得轻易采取武力,将破坏战争作为“最后手段”的道德原则,造成军备竞赛并可能给人权带来灾难性打击[176]。

96. 尤其是“致命性自主武器系统”(LAWS),可在无人类干预情况下挑选并攻击目标,引发“严重伦理关切”,因为机器并无“人类独有的道德判断与伦理决策能力”[177]。为此,方济各教宗强烈呼吁重新审视这类武器的研发,并主张全面禁止其使用,至少应“确保有更完善的人工介入,没有任何机器应拥有决定夺取人命的权力”[178]。

97. 从能精准猎杀的无人机到能大规模毁灭的自主武器系统,只在一念之间。不少AI研究者也担心,此技术有“生存性威胁”(existential risk)的潜在风险,甚至可能危及人类整体。这与教会一贯对滥用武力的警惕相呼应:战争所携带的“难以遏制的破坏力”[179]往往殃及无辜,伤及儿童,也可能毁灭整个文明。因此,《牧灵宪章》要求人们“以全新的眼光反思战争”[180],显得更为急迫。

98. 另一方面,AI是否会真正达到“失控”还是理论之争,但近期更真实迫切的问题,在于有人可能蓄意滥用现有AI技术来犯罪或战争[181]。历史已经说明,人的罪性足以导致极端暴行,AI只会增加破坏力。

99. 圣若望·保禄二世说:“如今人类拥有前所未有的巨大力量:我们可将世界变为花园,也可使其沦为废墟”[182]。教会提醒:方济各教宗也警示,“人有自由让理智往善发展,也可能滥用于自我毁灭”[183]。为防止人类陷入自我灭亡[184],必须对所有本质上威胁生命与尊严的技术坚决说“不”。这要求对AI在军备中的使用进行严格的伦理评估,以人的尊严与对生命的敬畏为根本标尺[185]。

AI与人与天主的关系

100. 科技为人类管理与发展世界资源提供了非凡工具,但在某些情形下,人却渐渐将这些权力交给机器。在部分科学家与未来学家群体中,关于“强人工智能”(AGI)的热情不断升温;有人幻想其将超越人类智能、带来人类难以想象的进步。也有人对AGI的超人潜力寄予期待。然而,当今社会逐渐远离超越维度时,或有人倾向把AI当作意义或圆满的寄托,但只有与天主的共融才能真正满足人的此种渴望[186]。

101. 然而,若要以人手所造之物去取代天主,本质上就是偶像崇拜,《圣经》对此屡次严正警告(如:出 20:4;32:1-5;34:17)。尤其今天的AI相比古代木偶“有口却不能言,有眼却不能看;有耳却不能听”(咏 115:5-6),它似乎“能说话”,至少给人这种幻象(参见:默 13:15)。但我们务必要牢记,AI只是人类智能的投射:它源于人脑,训练材料也是人类产出,由人操控与维护。它也无许多专属于人类的能力,而且会犯错。若人把AI当作凌驾于自己之上的“他者”,实际上是在塑造一个用自己双手塑造的假神;人并未真地拜AI,倒是拜自己却最终成为自己造物的奴隶[187]。

102. 虽然AI可为人类和社会公共利益做出贡献,却始终只是“人造之物”,带着“人工的烙印”(宗徒大事录 17:29)。不可赋予它超过应有的地位。正如《智慧篇》所言:“因为是人造了它们,是借了灵气的人塑成;人本身是血肉之体,他所制造的是死物:他比他所崇拜的偶像还要优越,因为他至少活着,但偶像从来没有生命”(智 15:16-17)。

103. 相较之下,人本身“借着内心生活便可超越整个物质宇宙;当人回到内心深处,就能与那洞悉人心的天主相遇,并在祂面前决定自己命运”[188]。方济各教宗提醒我们:“人在内心深处找到了自我认识与对他人敞开的神秘交汇点,也是一种独特共融与自我奉献的能力”[189]。唯有人的内心“能让一切才干、热情及整个人摆在对上主的敬畏与爱之姿态下”[190],而上主却总是先以“你”的方式对人说话,呼唤人进入永恒的亲密关系[191]。


VI. 结语

107. 面对技术迅猛发展所带来的多重挑战,方济各教宗呼吁:人的责任、价值与良知也须相应成长[192]。他强调:“人的力量越大,个人与群体的责任也应随之扩张”[193]。

108. 同时,“根本而关键的问题”仍是:“在这进步之下,人——作为人——真的变得更好了吗?是否更成熟、承担更多责任、更加意识到自己身为人的尊严?是否对他人尤其最弱小者更敞开,更乐意给予并帮助所有人?”[194]

109. 故此,我们必须学会针对AI在具体情境中的应用做个案分析,看其是否增进或损害人之尊严、人性使命与公共利益。很多应用及其社会影响在开发时也无法完全预料,因此当应用的后果渐渐浮现时,应按照辅助性原则及时在社会各层面做出调适。无论是个人、家庭、社会团体、公司、机构、政府或国际组织,都应本着合宜的分工与责任,共同保证AI能造福全人类。

110. 在当代,AI的崛起展现出一个强化人类“互相关联式智慧”的机会:强调个人与社会间的紧密互助,并强调我们对彼此整体福祉的共同责任。二十世纪哲学家别尔嘉耶夫(Nicholas Berdyaev)曾言,人常指责机器造成个人或社会问题,“这只会贬低人本身,也违背人的尊严”;“把责任从人转移到机器上是可耻的”。根本来说,只有人才能对道德负责,而科技社会的问题亦最终是灵性问题。为应对这些挑战,“人类必须加深灵性”[195]。

111. AI出现也对我们提出呼吁:重新珍视“人之所以为人”的全部面向。法国作家贝尔南诺斯(Georges Bernanos)数十年前就提醒:“问题不在机器增多,而在越来越多的人,从小只会想要机器所能给予的东西”[196]。如今数字化的洪流容易造成“数字还原论”,将无法量化的维度一概忽视或视为无用。我们必须让AI只作为人类智能的工具,而非代替人类之丰富性[197]。唯有培养那些超越算法的体验,才能守护“真正的人性”,使它在“科技文化中依旧如门缝下的微光般默默渗透”[198]。

真正的智慧

112. 信息量的爆炸与便捷,若要不流于“人文或灵性贫乏”,就需要人更深地迈向智慧[199]。

113. AI所带来的问题与伦理课题,需要的正是这份智慧:“唯有在圣神的光照下,我们才能用天主的眼光看事物,洞悉各种状况与事件,并把握其真实意义”[200]。这种“心灵智慧”需要我们在“真与善”面前敞开,且并非机器所能提供;它却会“预先来到寻求它的人面前,并在他们之中显现(参见:智 6:12-16)”[201]。

114. 在这个被AI深刻改变的世界,我们更需要圣神的恩宠,好让我们“以天主的目光”看待万物,“发掘其真正意义”[202]。

115. 因为“一个人的完善,不在于他拥有多少信息或知识,而在于他爱的深度”[203],所以我们对AI的使用,“能否兼顾那些最弱、最需要帮助的人,将会成为衡量我们人性的重要尺度”[204]。“心灵智慧”能带领AI以“以人为本”的方式发展,为公共利益服务、关怀“共同家园”、深化对真理的探求、促进人的整体发展以及人类间的友爱,并最终把我们引向终极目标:与天主共融的圆满与幸福[205]。

116. 以此智慧为起点,信徒能以道德主体的身份参与AI的应用,为人性及社会福祉服务[206],并记得科学与技术的进步原也是天主创造计划的一环:我们受召引导它们走向基督逾越奥迹的光照,持续探索“真”与“善”的深度与广度。

罗马城,教义部与文化与教育部办公室,2025年1月28日(圣多玛斯·阿奎那司铎圣师纪念日)颁布。
2025年1月14日,教宗方济各在接见两部部长和秘书期间批准本《说明》,并嘱咐予以公布。

维克多·曼努埃尔·费尔南德斯 枢机 (教义部部长)

若泽·托伦蒂诺·德门多萨 枢机 (文化与教育部部长)

蒙席尼奥尔 阿尔曼多·马泰奥 (教义部教义处秘书)

保禄·泰伊 总主教 (文化与教育部文化处秘书)

Ex audientia die 14 ianuarii 2025
Franciscus


脚注:
(译者注:下列脚注序号与原文对应,节选示例保留以示结构;具体内容因大量注释和链接,若在此全部翻译,会使文本更臃肿,故此处仅示意性保留。若需完整译注,请参阅原文或自行对应。)


[1] Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 378. See also Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 34: AAS 58 (1966), 1052-1053.

[2] Francis, Address to the Participants in the Plenary Assembly of the Pontifical Academy for Life (28 February 2020): AAS 112 (2020), 307. Cf. Id., Christmas Greetings to the Roman Curia (21 December 2019): AAS 112 (2020), 43.

[3] Cf. Francis, Message for the LVIII World Day of Social Communications (24 January 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 24 January 2024, 8.

[4] Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 2293; Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 35: AAS 58 (1966), 1053.

[5] J. McCarthy, et al., “A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence” (31 August 1955), http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html (accessed: 21 October 2024).

[6] Cf. Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), pars. 2-3: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 2.

[7] Terms in this document describing the outputs or processes of AI are used figuratively to explain its operations and are not intended to anthropomorphize the machine.

[8] Cf. Francis, Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 3; Id., Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 2: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 2.

[9] Here, one can see the primary positions of the “transhumanists” and the “posthumanists.” Transhumanists argue that technological advancements will enable humans to overcome their biological limitations and enhance both their physical and cognitive abilities. Posthumanists, on the other hand, contend that such advances will ultimately alter human identity to the extent that humanity itself may no longer be considered truly “human.” Both views rest on a fundamentally negative perception of human corporality, which treats the body more as an obstacle than as an integral part of the person’s identity and call to full realization. Yet, this negative view of the body is inconsistent with a proper understanding of human dignity. While the Church supports genuine scientific progress, it affirms that human dignity is rooted in “the person as an inseparable unity of body and soul.” Thus, “dignity is also inherent in each person’s body, which participates in its own way in being in imago Dei” (Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita [8 April 2024], par. 18).

[10] This approach reflects a functionalist perspective, which reduces the human mind to its functions and assumes that its functions can be entirely quantified in physical or mathematical terms. However, even if a future AGI were to appear truly intelligent, it would still remain functional in nature.

[11] Cf. A.M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind 59 (1950) 443-460.

[12] If “thinking” is attributed to machines, it must be clarified that this refers to calculative thinking rather than critical thinking. Similarly, if machines are said to operate using logical thinking, it must be specified that this is limited to computational logic. On the other hand, by its very nature, human thought is a creative process that eludes programming and transcends constraints.

[13] On the foundational role of language in shaping understanding, cf. M. Heidegger, Über den Humanismus, Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1949 (en. tr. “Letter on Humanism,” in Basic Writings: Martin Heidegger, Routledge, London ‒ New York 2010, 141-182).

[14] For further discussion of these anthropological and theological foundations, see AI Research Group of the Centre for Digital Culture of the Dicastery for Culture and Education, Encountering Artificial Intelligence: Ethical and Anthropological Investigations (Theological Investigations of Artificial Intelligence 1), M.J. Gaudet, N. Herzfeld, P. Scherz, J.J. Wales, eds., Journal of Moral Theology, Pickwick, Eugene 2024, 43-144.

[15] Aristotle, Metaphysics, I.1, 980 a 21.

[16] Cf. Augustine, De Genesi ad litteram III, 20, 30: PL 34, 292: “Man is made in the image of God in relation to that [faculty] by which he is superior to the irrational animals. Now, this [faculty] is reason itself, or the ‘mind,’ or ‘intelligence,’ whatever other name it may more suitably be given”; Id., Enarrationes in Psalmos 54, 3: PL 36, 629: “When considering all that they have, humans discover that they are most distinguished from animals precisely by the fact they possess intelligence.” This is also reiterated by Saint Thomas Aquinas, who states that “man is the most perfect of all earthly beings endowed with motion, and his proper and natural operation is intellection,” by which man abstracts from things and “receives in his mind things actually intelligible” (Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles II, 76).

[17] Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 15: AAS 58 (1966), 1036.

[18] Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, II-II, q. 49, a. 5, ad 3. Cf. ibid., I, q. 79; II-II, q. 47, a. 3; II-II, q. 49, a. 2. For a contemporary perspective that echoes elements of the classical and medieval distinction between these two modes of cognition, cf. D. Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, New York 2011.

[19] Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, I, q. 76, a. 1, resp.

[20] Cf. Irenaeus of Lyon, Adversus Haereses, V, 6, 1: PG 7(2), 1136-1138.

[21] Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita (8 April 2024), par. 9. Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 213: AAS 112 (2020), 1045: “The intellect can investigate the reality of things through reflection, experience and dialogue, and come to recognize in that reality, which transcends it, the basis of certain universal moral demands.”

[22] Cf. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Doctrinal Note on Some Aspects of Evangelization (3 December 2007), par. 4: AAS 100 (2008), 491-492.

[23] Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 365. Cf. Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, I, q. 75, a. 4, resp.

[24] Indeed, Sacred Scripture “generally considers the human person as a being who exists in the body and is unthinkable outside of it” (Pontifical Biblical Commission, “Che cosa è l’uomo?” (Sal 8,5): Un itinerario di antropologia biblica [30 September 2019], par. 19). Cf. ibid., pars. 20-21, 43-44, 48.

[25] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 22: AAS 58 (1966), 1042: Cf. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction Dignitas Personae (8 September 2008), par. 7: AAS 100 (2008), 863: “Christ did not disdain human bodiliness, but instead fully disclosed its meaning and value.”

[26] Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles II, 81.

[27] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 15: AAS 58 (1966), 1036.

[28] Cf. Aquinas_, Summa Theologiae_ I, q. 89, a. 1, resp.: “to be separated from the body is not in accordance with [the soul’s] nature […] and hence it is united to the body in order that it may have an existence and an operation suitable to its nature.”

[29] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 14: AAS 58 (1966), 1035. Cf. Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita (8 April 2024), par. 18.

[30] International Theological Commission, Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God (2004), par. 56. Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 357.

[31] Cf. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction Dignitas Personae (8 September 2008), pars. 5, 8; Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita (8 April 2024), pars. 15, 24, 53-54.

[32] Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 356. Cf. ibid., par. 221.

[33] Cf. Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita (8 April 2024), pars. 13, 26-27.

[34] Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction Donum Veritatis (24 May 1990), 6: AAS 82 (1990), 1552. Cf. John Paul II, Encyclical Veritatis Splendor (6 August 1993), par. 109: AAS 85 (1993), 1219. Cf. Pseudo-Dionysius, De divinis nominibus, VII, 2: PG 3, 868B-C: “Human souls also possess reason and with it they circle in discourse around the truth of things. […] [O]n account of the manner in which they are capable of concentrating the many into the one, they too, in their own fashion and as far as they can, are worthy of conceptions like those of the angels” (en. tr. Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works, Paulist Press, New York – Mahwah 1987, 106-107).

[35] John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Fides et Ratio (14 September 1998), par. 3: AAS 91 (1999), 7.

[36] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 15: AAS 58 (1966), 1036.

[37] John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Fides et Ratio (14 September 1998), par. 42: AAS 91 (1999), 38. Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 208: AAS 112 (2020), 1043: “the human mind is capable of transcending immediate concerns and grasping certain truths that are unchanging, as true now as in the past. As it peers into human nature, reason discovers universal values derived from that same nature”; ibid., par. 184: AAS 112 (2020), 1034.

[38] Cf. B. Pascal, Pensées, no. 267 (ed. Brunschvicg): “The last proceeding of reason is to recognize that there is an infinity of things which are beyond it” (en. tr. Pascal’s Pensées, E.P. Dutton, New York 1958, 77).

[39] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 15: AAS 58 (1966), 1036. Cf. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Doctrinal Note on Some Aspects of Evangelization (3 December 2007), par. 4: AAS 100 (2008), 491-492.

[40] Our semantic capacity allows us to understand messages in any form of communication in a manner that both takes into account and transcends their material or empirical structures (such as computer code). Here, intelligence becomes a wisdom that “enables us to look at things with God’s eyes, to see connections, situations, events and to uncover their real meaning” (Francis, Message for the LVIII World Day of Social Communications [24 January 2024]: L’Osservatore Romano, 24 January 2024, 8). Our creativity enables us to generate new content or ideas, primarily by offering an original viewpoint on reality. Both capacities depend on the existence of a personal subjectivity for their full realization.

[41] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Declaration Dignitatis Humanae (7 December 1965), par. 3: AAS 58 (1966), 931.

[42] Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 184: AAS 112 (2020), 1034: “Charity, when accompanied by a commitment to the truth, is much more than personal feeling […]. Indeed, its close relation to truth fosters its universality and preserves it from being ‘confined to a narrow field devoid of relationships.’ […] Charity’s openness to truth thus protects it from ‘a fideism that deprives it of its human and universal breadth.’” The internal quotes are from Benedict XVI, Encyclical Letter Caritas in Veritate (29 June 2009), pars. 2-4: AAS 101 (2009), 642-643.

[43] Cf. International Theological Commission, Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God (2004), par. 7.

[44] John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Fides et Ratio (14 September 1998), par. 13: AAS 91 (1999), 15. Cf. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Doctrinal Note on Some Aspects of Evangelization (3 December 2007), par. 4: AAS 100 (2008), 491-492.

[45] John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Fides et Ratio (14 September 1998), par. 13: AAS 91 (1999), 15.

[46] Bonaventure, In II Librum Sententiarum, d. I, p. 2, a. 2, q. 1; as quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 293. Cf. ibid., par. 294.

[47] Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, pars. 295, 299, 302. Bonaventure likens the universe to “a book reflecting, representing, and describing its Maker,” the Triune God who grants existence to all things (Breviloquium 2.12.1). Cf. Alain de Lille, De Incarnatione Christi, PL 210, 579a: “Omnis mundi creatura quasi liber et pictura nobis est et speculum.

[48] Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 67: AAS 107 (2015), 874; John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Laborem Exercens (14 September 1981), par. 6: AAS 73 (1981), 589-592; Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), pars. 33-34: AAS 58 (1966), 1052-1053; International Theological Commission, Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God (2004), par. 57: “human beings occupy a unique place in the universe according to the divine plan: they enjoy the privilege of sharing in the divine governance of visible creation. […] Since man’s place as ruler is in fact a participation in the divine governance of creation, we speak of it here as a form of stewardship.”

[49] Cf. John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Veritatis Splendor (6 August 1993), pars. 38-39: AAS 85 (1993), 1164-1165.

[50] Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), pars. 33-34: AAS 58 (1966), 1052-1053. This idea is also reflected in the creation account, where God brings creatures to Adam “to see what he would call them. And whatever [he] called every living creature, that was its name” (Gen. 2:19), an action that demonstrates the active engagement of human intelligence in the stewardship of God’s creation. Cf. John Chrysostom, Homiliae in Genesim, XIV, 17-21: PG 53, 116-117.

[51] Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 301.

[52] Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 302.

[53] Bonaventure, Breviloquium 2.12.1. Cf. ibid., 2.11.2.

[54] Cf. Francis, Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Gaudium (24 November 2013), par. 236: AAS 105 (2023), 1115; Id., Address to Participants in the Meeting of University Chaplains and Pastoral Workers Promoted by the Dicastery for Culture and Education (24 November 2023): L’Osservatore Romano, 24 November 2023, 7.

[55] Cf. J.H. Newman, The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated, Discourse 5.1, Basil Montagu Pickering, London 18733, 99-100; Francis, Address to Rectors, Professors, Students and Staff of the Roman Pontifical Universities and Institutions (25 February 2023): AAS 115 (2023), 316.

[56] Francis, Address to the Members of the National Confederation of Artisans and Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises (CNA) (15 November 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 15 November 2024, 8.

[57] Cf. Francis, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Querida Amazonia (2 February 2020), par. 41: AAS 112 (2020), 246; Id., Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 146: AAS 107 (2015), 906.

[58] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 47: AAS 107 (2015), 864. Cf. Id., Encyclical Letter Dilexit Nos (24 October 2024), pars. 17-24: L’Osservatore Romano, 24 October 2024, 5; Id., Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 47-50: AAS 112 (2020), 985-987.

[59] Francis, Encyclical Letter Dilexit Nos (24 October 2024), par. 20: L’Osservatore Romano, 24 October 2024, 5.

[60] P. Claudel, Conversation sur Jean Racine, Gallimard, Paris 1956, 32: “L’intelligence n’est rien sans la délectation.” Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Dilexit Nos (24 October 2024), par. 13: L’Osservatore Romano, 24 October 2024, 5: “The mind and the will are put at the service of the greater good by sensing and savoring truths.”

[61] Dante, Paradiso, Canto XXX: “luce intellettüal, piena d’amore; / amor di vero ben, pien di letizia; / letizia che trascende ogne dolzore” (en. tr. The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri, C.E. Norton, tr., Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1920, 232).

[62] Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Declaration Dignitatis Humanae (7 December 1965), par. 3: AAS 58 (1966), 931: “[T]he highest norm of human life is the divine law itself—eternal, objective and universal, by which God orders, directs and governs the whole world and the ways of the human community according to a plan conceived in his wisdom and love. God has enabled man to participate in this law of his so that, under the gentle disposition of divine providence, many may be able to arrive at a deeper and deeper knowledge of unchangeable truth.” Also cf. Id., Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 16: AAS 58 (1966), 1037.

[63] Cf. First Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution Dei Filius (24 April 1870), ch. 4, DH 3016.

[64] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 110: AAS 107 (2015), 892.

[65] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 110: AAS 107 (2015), 891. Cf. Id., Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 204: AAS 112 (2020), 1042.

[66] Cf. John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Centesimus Annus (1 May 1991), par. 11: AAS 83 (1991), 807: “God has imprinted his own image and likeness on man (cf. Gen 1:26), conferring upon him an incomparable dignity […]. In effect, beyond the rights which man acquires by his own work, there exist rights which do not correspond to any work he performs, but which flow from his essential dignity as a person.” Cf. Francis, Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 3-4.

[67] Cf. Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita (8 April 2024), par. 8. Cf. ibid., par. 9; Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction Dignitas Personae (8 September 2008), par. 22.

[68] Francis, Address to the Participants in the Plenary Assembly of the Pontifical Academy for Life (28 February 2020): AAS 112 (2024), 310.

[69] Francis, Message for the LVIII World Day of Social Communications (24 January 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 24 January 2024, 8.

[70] In this sense, “Artificial Intelligence” is understood as a technical term to indicate this technology, recalling that the expression is also used to designate the field of study and not only its applications.

[71] Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), pars. 34-35: AAS 58 (1966), 1052-1053; John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Centesimus Annus (1 May 1991), par. 51: AAS 83 (1991), 856-857.

[72] For example, see the encouragement of scientific exploration in Albertus Magnus (De Mineralibus, II, 2, 1) and the appreciation for the mechanical arts in Hugh of St. Victor (Didascalicon, I, 9). These writers, among a long list of other Catholics engaged in scientific research and technological exploration, illustrate that “faith and science can be united in charity, provided that science is put at the service of the men and woman of our time and not misused to harm or even destroy them” (Francis, Address to Participants in the 2024 Lemaître Conference of the Vatican Observatory [20 June 2024]: L’Osservatore Romano, 20 June 2024, 8). Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 36: AAS 58 (1966), 1053-1054; John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Fides et Ratio (14 September 1998), pars. 2, 106: AAS 91 (1999), 6-7.86-87.

[73] Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 378.

[74] Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 34: AAS 58 (1966), 1053.

[75] Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 35: AAS 58 (1966), 1053.

[76] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 102: AAS 107 (2015), 888.

[77] Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 105: AAS 107 (2015), 889; Id., Encyclical Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 27: AAS 112 (2020), 978; Benedict XVI, Encyclical Caritas in Veritate (29 June 2009), par. 23: AAS 101 (2009), 657-658.

[78] Cf. Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita (8 April 2024), pars. 38-39, 47; Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction Dignitas Personae (8 September 2008), passim.

[79] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 35: AAS 58 (1966), 1053. Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, par 2293.

[80] Cf. Francis, Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 2-4.

[81] Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 1749: “Freedom makes man a moral subject. When he acts deliberately, man is, so to speak, the father of his acts.”

[82] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 16: AAS 58 (1966), 1037. Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 1776.

[83] Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 1777.

[84] Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, pars. 1779-1781; Francis, Address to the Participants in the “Minerva Dialogues” (27 March 2023): AAS 115 (2023), 463, where the Holy Father encouraged efforts “to ensure that technology remains human-centered, ethically grounded and directed toward the good.”

[85] Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 166: AAS 112 (2020), 1026-1027; Id., Address to the Plenary Assembly of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (23 September 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 23 September 2024, 10. On the role of human agency in choosing a wider aim (Ziel) that then informs the particular purpose (Zweck) for which each technological application is created, cf. F. Dessauer, Streit um die Technik, Herder-Bücherei, Freiburg i. Br. 1959, 70-71.

[86] Cf. Francis, Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 4: “Technology is born for a purpose and, in its impact on human society, always represents a form of order in social relations and an arrangement of power, thus enabling certain people to perform specific actions while preventing others from performing different ones. In a more or less explicit way, this constitutive power-dimension of technology always includes the worldview of those who invented and developed it.”

[87] Francis, Address to the Participants in the Plenary Assembly of the Pontifical Academy of Life (28 February 2020): AAS 112 (2020), 309.

[88] Cf. Francis, Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 3-4.

[89] Francis, Address to the Participants in the “Minerva Dialogues” (27 March 2023): AAS 115 (2023), 464. Cf. Id., Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti, pars. 212-213: AAS 112 (2020), 1044-1045.

[90] Cf. John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Laborem Exercens (14 September 1981), par. 5: AAS 73 (1981), 589; Francis, Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 3-4.

[91] Cf. Francis, Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 2: “Faced with the marvels of machines, which seem to know how to choose independently, we should be very clear that decision-making […] must always be left to the human person. We would condemn humanity to a future without hope if we took away people’s ability to make decisions about themselves and their lives, by dooming them to depend on the choices of machines.”

[92] Francis, Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 2.

[93] The term “bias” in this document refers to algorithmic bias (systematic and consistent errors in computer systems that may disproportionately prejudice certain groups in unintended ways) or learning bias (which will result in training on a biased data set) and not the “bias vector” in neural networks (which is a parameter used to adjust the output of “neurons” to adjust more accurately to the data).

[94] Cf. Francis, Address to the Participants in the “Minerva Dialogues” (27 March 2023): AAS 115 (2023), 464, where the Holy Father affirmed the growth in consensus “on the need for development processes to respect such values as inclusion, transparency, security, equity, privacy and reliability,” and also welcomed “the efforts of international organizations to regulate these technologies so that they promote genuine progress, contributing, that is, to a better world and an integrally higher quality of life.”

[95] Francis, Greetings to a Delegation of the “Max Planck Society” (23 February 2023): L’Osservatore Romano, 23 February 2023, 8.

[96] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 26: AAS 58 (1966), 1046-1047.

[97] Francis, Address to Participants at the Seminar “The Common Good in the Digital Age” (27 September 2019): AAS 111 (2019), 1571.

[98] Cf. Francis, Message for the LVIII World Day of Social Communications (24 January 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 24 January 2024, 8. For further discussion of the ethical questions raised by AI from a Catholic perspective, see AI Research Group of the Centre for Digital Culture of the Dicastery for Culture and Education, Encountering Artificial Intelligence: Ethical and Anthropological Investigations (Theological Investigations of Artificial Intelligence 1), M.J. Gaudet, N. Herzfeld, P. Scherz, J.J. Wales, eds., Journal of Moral Theology, Pickwick, Eugene 2024, 147-253.

[99] On the importance of dialogue in a pluralist society oriented toward a “robust and solid social ethics,” see Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), pars. 211-214: AAS 112 (2020), 1044-1045.

[100] Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 2: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 2.

[101] Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 6: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 3. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 26: AAS 58 (1966), 1046-1047.

[102] Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 112: AAS 107 (2015), 892-893.

[103] Francis, Address to the Participants in the “Minerva Dialogues” (27 March 2023): AAS 115 (2023), 464.

[104] Cf. Pontifical Council for Social Communications, Ethics in Internet (22 February 2002), par. 10.

[105] Francis, Post-Synodal Exhortation Christus Vivit (25 March 2019), par. 89: AAS 111 (2019), 413-414; quoting the Final Document of the XV Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops (27 October 2018), par. 24: AAS 110 (2018), 1593. Cf. Benedict XVI, Address to the Participants in the International Congress on Natural Moral Law (12 February 2017): AAS 99 (2007), 245.

[106] Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), pars. 105-114: AAS 107 (2015), 889-893; Id., Apostolic Exhortation Laudate Deum (4 October 2023), pars. 20-33: AAS 115 (2023), 1047-1050.

[107] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 105: AAS 107 (2015), 889. Cf. Id., Apostolic Exhortation Laudate Deum (4 October 2023), pars. 20-21: AAS 115 (2023), 1047.

[108] Cf. Francis, Address to the Participants in the Plenary Assembly of the Pontifical Academy for Life (28 February 2020): AAS 112 (2020), 308-309.

[109] Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 2: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 2.

[110] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 112: AAS 107 (2015), 892.

[111] Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), pars. 101, 103, 111, 115, 167: AAS 112 (2020), 1004-1005, 1007-1009, 1027.

[112] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 26: AAS 58 (1966), 1046-1047; cf. Leo XIII, Encyclical Letter Rerum Novarum (15 May 1891), par. 35: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 123.

[113] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 12: AAS 58 (1966), 1034.

[114] Cf. Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church (2004), par. 149.

[115] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Declaration Dignitatis Humanae (7 December 1965), par. 3: AAS 58 (1966), 931. Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 50: AAS 112 (2020), 986-987.

[116] Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 50: AAS 112 (2020), 986-987.

[117] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 47: AAS 107 (2015), 865. Cf. Id., Post-Synodal Exhortation Christus Vivit (25 March 2019), pars. 88-89: AAS 111 (2019), 413-414.

[118] Cf. Francis, Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Gaudium (24 November 2013), par. 88: AAS 105 (2013), 1057.

[119] Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 47: AAS 112 (2020), 985.

[120] Cf. Francis, Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 2.

[121] Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 50: AAS 112 (2020), 986-987.

[122] Cf. E. Stein, Zum Problem der Einfühlung, Buchdruckerei des Waisenhauses, Halle 1917 (en. tr. On the Problem of Empathy, ICS Publications, Washington D.C. 1989).

[123] Cf. Francis, Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Gaudium (24 November 2013), par. 88: AAS 105 (2013), 1057: “[Many people] want their interpersonal relationships provided by sophisticated equipment, by screens and systems which can be turned on and off on command. Meanwhile, the Gospel tells us constantly to run the risk of a face-to-face encounter with others, with their physical presence which challenges us, with their pain and their pleas, with their joy which infects us in our close and continuous interaction. True faith in the incarnate Son of God is inseparable from self-giving, from membership in the community, from service, from reconciliation with others.” Also cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 24: AAS 58 (1966), 1044-1045.

[124] Cf. Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita (8 April 2024), par. 1.

[125] Cf. Francis, Address to Participants at the Seminar “The Common Good in the Digital Age” (27 September 2019): AAS 111 (2019), 1570; Id, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), pars. 18, 124-129: AAS 107 (2015), 854.897-899.

[126] Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 5: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 3.

[127] Francis, Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Gaudium (24 November 2013), par. 209: AAS 105 (2013), 1107.

[128] Francis, Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 4. For Pope Francis’ teaching about AI in relationship to the “technocratic paradigm,” cf. Id., Encyclical Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), pars. 106-114: AAS 107 (2015), 889-893.

[129] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 26: AAS 58 (1966), 1046-1047.; as quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church, par. 1912. Cf. John XXIII, Encyclical Letter Mater et Magistra (15 May 1961), par. 219: AAS 53 (1961), 453.

[130] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par 64: AAS 58 (1966), 1086.

[131] Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 162: AAS 112 (2020), 1025. Cf. John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Laborem Exercens (14 September 1981), par. 6: AAS 73 (1981), 591: “work is ‘for man’ and not man ‘for work.’ Through this conclusion one rightly comes to recognize the pre-eminence of the subjective meaning of work over the objective one.”

[132] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 128: AAS 107 (2015), 898. Cf. Id., Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Amoris Laetitia (19 March 2016), par. 24: AAS 108 (2016), 319-320.

[133] Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 5: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 3.

[134] John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Evangelium Vitae (25 March 1995), par. 89: AAS 87 (1995), 502.

[135] Ibid.

[136] Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 67: AAS 112 (2020), 993; as quoted in Id., Message for the XXXI World Day of the Sick (11 February 2023): L’Osservatore Romano, 10 January 2023, 8.

[137] Francis, Message for the XXXII World Day of the Sick (11 February 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 13 January 2024, 12.

[138] Francis, Address to the Diplomatic Corps Accredited to the Holy See (11 January 2016): AAS 108 (2016), 120. Cf. Id., Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 18: AAS 112 (2020), 975; Id., Message for the XXXII World Day of the Sick (11 February 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 13 January 2024, 12.

[139] Cf. Francis, Address to the Participants in the “Minerva Dialogues” (27 March 2023): AAS 115 (2023), 465; Id., Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 2.

[140] Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), pars. 105, 107: AAS 107 (2015), 889-890; Id., Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), pars. 18-21: AAS 112 (2020), 975-976; Id., Address to the Participants in the “Minerva Dialogues” (27 March 2023): AAS 115 (2023), 465.

[141] Francis, Address to the Participants at the Meeting Sponsored by the Charity and Health Commission of the Italian Bishops’ Conference (10 February 2017): AAS 109 (2017), 243. Cf. ibid., 242-243: “If there is a sector in which the throwaway culture is manifest, with its painful consequences, it is that of healthcare. When a sick person is not placed in the center or their dignity is not considered, this gives rise to attitudes that can lead even to speculation on the misfortune of others. And this is very grave! […] The application of a business approach to the healthcare sector, if indiscriminate […] may risk discarding human beings.”

[142] Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 5: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 3.

[143] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Declaration Gravissimum Educationis (28 October 1965), par. 1: AAS 58 (1966), 729.

[144] Congregation for Catholic Education, Instruction on the Use of Distance Learning in Ecclesiastical Universities and Faculties, I. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Declaration Gravissimum Educationis (28 October 1965), par. 1: AAS 58 (1966), 729; Francis, Message for the LXIX World Day of Peace (1 January 2016), 6: AAS 108 (2016), 57-58.

[145] Francis, Address to Members of the Global Researchers Advancing Catholic Education Project (20 April 2022): AAS 114 (2022), 580.

[146] Cf. Paul VI, Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Nuntiandi (8 December 1975), par. 41: AAS 68 (1976), 31, quoting Id., Address to the Members of the “Consilium de Laicis” (2 October 1974): AAS 66 (1974), 568: “if [the contemporary person] does listen to teachers, it is because they are witnesses.”

[147] J.H. Newman, The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated, Discourse 6.1, London 18733, 125-126.

[148] Francis, Meeting with the Students of the Barbarigo College of Padua in the 100th Year of its Foundation (23 March 2019): L’Osservatore Romano, 24 March 2019, 8. Cf. Id., Address to Rectors, Professors, Students and Staff of the Roman Pontifical Universities and Institutions (25 February 2023): AAS 115 (2023), 316.

[149] Francis, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Christus Vivit (25 March 2019), par. 86: AAS 111 (2019), 413, quoting the XV Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Final Document (27 October 2018), par. 21: AAS 110 (2018), 1592.

[150] J.H. Newman, The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated, Discourse 7.6, Basil Montagu Pickering, London 18733, 167.

[151] Cf. Francis, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Christus Vivit (25 March 2019), par. 88: AAS 111 (2019), 413.

[152] In a 2023 policy document about the use of generative AI in education and research, UNESCO notes: “One of the key questions [of the use of generative AI (GenAI) in education and research] is whether humans can possibly cede basic levels of thinking and skill-acquisition processes to AI and rather concentrate on higher-order thinking skills based on the outputs provided by AI. Writing, for example, is often associated with the structuring of thinking. With GenAI […], humans can now start with a well-structured outline provided by GenAI. Some experts have characterized the use of GenAI to generate text in this way as ‘writing without thinking’” (UNESCO, Guidance for Generative AI in Education and Research [2023], 37-38). The German-American philosopher Hannah Arendt foresaw such a possibility in her 1959 book, The Human Condition, and cautioned: “If it should turn out to be true that knowledge (in the sense of know-how) and thought have parted company for good, then we would indeed become the helpless slaves, not so much of our machines as of our know-how” (Id., The Human Condition, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 20182, 3).

[153] Francis, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Amoris Laetitia (19 March 2016), par. 262: AAS 108 (2016), 417.

[154] Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 7: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 3; cf. Id., Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 167: AAS 107 (2015), 914.

[155] John Paul II, Apostolic Constitution Ex Corde Ecclesiae (15 August 1990), 7: AAS 82 (1990), 1479.

[156] Francis, Apostolic Constitution Veritatis Gaudium (29 January 2018), 4c: AAS 110 (2018), 9-10.

[157] Francis, Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 3.

[158] For example, it might help people access the “array of resources for generating greater knowledge of truth” contained in the works of philosophy (John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Fides et Ratio [14 September 1998], par. 3: AAS 91 [1999], 7). Cf. ibid., par. 4: AAS 91 (1999), 7-8.

[159] Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita (8 April 2024), par. 43. Cf. ibid., pars. 61-62.

[160] Francis, Message for the LVIII World Day of Social Communications (24 January 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 24 January 2024, 8.

[161] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par 25: AAS 58 (1966), 1053; cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), passimAAS 112 (2020), 969-1074.

[162] Cf. Francis., Post-Synodal Exhortation Christus Vivit (25 March 2019), par. 89: AAS 111 (2019), 414; John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Fides et Ratio (14 September 1998), par. 25: AAS 91 (1999), 25-26: “People cannot be genuinely indifferent to the question of whether what they know is true or not. […] It is this that Saint Augustine teaches when he writes: ‘I have met many who wanted to deceive, but none who wanted to be deceived’”; quoting Augustine, Confessiones, X, 23, 33: PL 32, 794.

[163] Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita (4 April 2024), par. 62.

[164] Benedict XVI, Message for the XLIII World Day of Social Communications (24 May 2009): L’Osservatore Romano, 24 January 2009, 8.

[165] Cf. Dicastery for Communications, Towards Full Presence: A Pastoral Reflection on Engagement with Social Media (28 May 2023), par. 41; Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Decree Inter Mirifica (4 December 1963), pars. 4, 8-12: AAS 56 (1964), 146, 148-149.

[166] Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita (4 April 2024), pars. 1, 6, 16, 24.

[167] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, (7 December 1965), par. 26: AAS 58 (1966), 1046. Cf. Leo XIII, Encyclical Letter Rerum Novarum (15 May 1891), par. 40: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 127: “no man may with impunity violate that human dignity which God himself treats with great reverence”; as quoted in John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Centesimus Annus (1 May 1991), par. 9: AAS 83 (1991), 804.

[168] Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, pars. 2477, 2489; can. 220 CIC; can. 23 CCEO; John Paul II, Address to the Third General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate (28 January 1979), III.1-2: Insegnamenti II/1 (1979), 202-203.

[169] Cf. Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations, Holy See Statement to the Thematic Discussion on Other Disarmament Measures and International Security (24 October 2022): “Upholding human dignity in cyberspace obliges States to also respect the right to privacy, by shielding citizens from intrusive surveillance and allowing them to safeguard their personal information from unauthorized access.”

[170] Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 42: AAS 112 (2020), 984.

[171] Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 5: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 3.

[172] Francis, Address to the Participants in the “Minerva Dialogues” (27 March 2023): AAS 115 (2023), 465.

[173] The 2023 Interim Report of the United Nations AI Advisory Body identified a list of “early promises of AI helping to address climate change” (United Nations AI Advisory Body, Interim Report: Governing AI for Humanity [December 2023], 3). The document observed that, “taken together with predictive systems that can transform data into insights and insights into actions, AI-enabled tools may help develop new strategies and investments to reduce emissions, influence new private sector investments in net zero, protect biodiversity, and build broad-based social resilience” (ibid.).

[174] “The cloud” refers to a network of physical servers throughout the world that enables users to store, process, and manage their data remotely.

[175] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 9: AAS 107 (2015), 850.

[176] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 106: AAS 107 (2015), 890.

[177] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 60: AAS 107 (2015), 870.

[178] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), pars. 3, 13: AAS 107 (2015), 848.852.

[179] Augustine, De Civitate Dei, XIX, 13, 1: PL 41, 640.

[180] Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), pars. 77-82: AAS 58 (1966), 1100-1107; Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), pars. 256-262: AAS 112 (2020), 1060-1063; Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita (4 April 2024), pars. 38-39; Catechism of the Catholic Church, pars. 2302-2317.

[181] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 78: AAS 58 (1966), 1101.

[182] Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 6: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 3.

[183] Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, pars. 2308-2310.

[184] Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), pars. 80-81: AAS 58 (1966), 1103-1105.

[185] Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 6: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 3. Cf. Id., Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 2: “We need to ensure and safeguard a space for proper human control over the choices made by artificial intelligence programs: human dignity itself depends on it.”

[186] Francis, Address at the G7 Session on Artificial Intelligence in Borgo Egnazia (Puglia) (14 June 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 14 June 2024, 2. Cf. Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations, Holy See Statement to Working Group II on Emerging Technologies at the UN Disarmament Commission (3 April 2024): “The development and use of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) that lack the appropriate human control would pose fundamental ethical concerns, given that LAWS can never be morally responsible subjects capable of complying with international humanitarian law.”

[187] Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 258: AAS 112 (2020), 1061. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 80: AAS 58 (1966), 1103-1104.

[188] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 80: AAS 58 (1966), 1103-1104.

[189] Cf. Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 6: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 3: “Nor can we ignore the possibility of sophisticated weapons ending up in the wrong hands, facilitating, for instance, terrorist attacks or interventions aimed at destabilizing the institutions of legitimate systems of government. In a word, the world does not need new technologies that contribute to the unjust development of commerce and the weapons trade and consequently end up promoting the folly of war.”

[190] John Paul II, Act of Entrustment to Mary for the Jubilee of Bishops (8 October 2000), par. 3: Insegnamenti XXIII/2 (200), 565.

[191] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 79: AAS 107 (2015), 878.

[192] Cf. Benedict XVI, Encyclical Letter Caritas in Veritate (29 June 2009), par. 51: AAS 101 (2009), 687.

[193] Cf. Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Dignitas Infinita (8 April 2024), pars. 38-39.

[194] Cf. Augustine, Confessiones, I, 1, 1: PL 32, 661.

[195] Cf. John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (30 December 1987), par. 28: AAS 80 (1988), 548: “[T]here is a better understanding today that the mere accumulation of goods and services […] is not enough for the realization of human happiness. Nor, in consequence, does the availability of the many real benefits provided in recent times by science and technology, including the computer sciences, bring freedom from every form of slavery. On the contrary, […] unless all the considerable body of resources and potential at man’s disposal is guided by a moral understanding and by an orientation towards the true good of the human race, it easily turns against man to oppress him.” Cf. ibid., pars. 29, 37: AAS 80 (1988), 550-551.563-564.

[196] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 14: AAS 58 (1966), 1036.

[197] Francis, Encyclical Letter Dilexit Nos (24 October 2024), par. 18: L’Osservatore Romano, 24 October 2024, 5.

[198] Francis, Encyclical Letter Dilexit Nos (24 October 2024), par. 27: L’Osservatore Romano, 24 October 2024, 6.

[199] Francis, Encyclical Letter Dilexit Nos (24 October 2024), par. 25: L’Osservatore Romano, 24 October 2024, 5-6.

[200] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 105: AAS 107 (2015), 889. Cf. R. Guardini, Das Ende der Neuzeit, Würzburg 19659, 87 ff. (en. tr. The End of the Modern World, Wilmington 1998, 82-83).

[201] Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes (7 December 1965), par. 34: AAS 58 (1966), 1053.

[202] John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Redemptor Hominis (4 March 1979), par. 15: AAS 71 (1979), 287-288.

[203] N. Berdyaev, “Man and Machine,” in C. Mitcham – R. Mackey, eds., Philosophy and Technology: Readings in the Philosophical Problems of Technology, New York 19832, 212-213.

[204] N. Berdyaev, “Man and Machine,” 210.

[205] G. Bernanos, “La révolution de la liberté” (1944), in Id., Le Chemin de la Croix-des-Âmes, Rocher 1987, 829.

[206] Cf. Francis, Meeting with the Students of the Barbarigo College of Padua in the 100th Year of its Foundation (23 March 2019): L’Osservatore Romano, 24 March 2019, 8. Cf. Id., Address to Rectors, Professors, Students and Staff of the Roman Pontifical Universities and Institutions (25 February 2023).

[207] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 112: AAS 107 (2015), 892-893.

[208] Cf. Bonaventure, Hex. XIX, 3; Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti (3 October 2020), par. 50: AAS 112 (2020), 986: “The flood of information at our fingertips does not make for greater wisdom. Wisdom is not born of quick searches on the internet nor is it a mass of unverified data. That is not the way to mature in the encounter with truth.”

[209] Francis, Message for the LVIII World Day of Social Communications (24 January 2024): L’Osservatore Romano, 24 January 2024, 8.

[210] Ibid.

[211] Ibid.

[212] Francis, Apostolic Exhortation Gaudete et Exsultate (19 March 2018), par. 37: AAS 110 (2018), 1121.

[213] Francis, Message for the LVII World Day of Peace (1 January 2024), par. 6: L’Osservatore Romano, 14 December 2023, 3. Cf. Id., Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 112: AAS 107 (2015), 892-893; Id., Apostolic Exhortation Gaudete et Exsultate (19 March 2018), par. 46: AAS 110 (2018), 1123-1124.

[214] Cf. Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015), par. 112: AAS 107 (2015), 892-893.

[215] Cf. Francis, Address to the Participants in the Seminar “The Common Good in the Digital Age” (27 September 2019): AAS 111 (2019), 1570-1571.